Santa Clara University recently celebrated the construction and completion of its Solar Decathlon House at a couple of Gala events at its campus. To mark these accomplishments, celebrations were held in mid-July and late August to thank Avago Technologies, and several other participating sponsors for their contributions on the construction of the Solar Decathlon House. Avago Technologies’ corporate marketing representatives who have been active in this project and attended the July event included Herta Schreiner, director of corporate marketing, and Alain Dangerfield, press relations manager. The construction was already well under way in July (first image below).   

On August 16, the house’s exterior was nearly completed thanks to the dedicated work of approximately 200 engineering, arts and sciences, business undergraduate and graduate students (shown in the third panel of the image below). At the official “Send Off” celebration of the completion of the Decathlon House, Santa Clara University President Paul Locatelli, (pictured in the second panel) said, “Idealism is what drove the students in this project. It is their intent to change how homes are built in the future.”

Also attending the celebration was Richard King, of the US Department of Energy who explained how the energy from 20 days of sunshine, if harnessed, would exceed the energy resources available in all U.S. coal, gas and oil reserves. James Bickford, student project manager for the Solar Decathlon project (far right photo), closed with a rousing speech about the passion shown by the student participants who worked on the project.

During a tour of the construction site, Brian Drocco, a Santa Clara University Decathlon team member responsible for coordinating the lighting for the project, highlighted several key innovations being used in the construction of the house:

June 19, 2007 ...CCID Consulting, a leading research firm in China, reports that the market for backlighting of mobile phones in China has suffered recently, despite strong demand for full color display backlighting of mobile phones. According to CCID mobile phone production China-based companies and joint ventures added up to 442,275,000 units in 2006. Over 95 percent of these were mobile phones with full-color screens. CCID noted that the current trend in the market is toward bigger screens and higher resolutions.

In China in 2006, the LED backlight market reached 1.62 billion Yuan, an increase of 36.8% over 2005. CCID says that as the percentage of full color mobile phones increases, the demand for white LEDs for the backlighting application increases also. The company reported that many new companies have entered the market for LED backlighting of full-color mobile phones. All of the companies are forced to compete with one another as the new companies add pressure to lower prices. Ultimately this has lowered the profitability of market participants, CCID stated.

Santa Clara University (SCU) recently announced that its team of undergraduate engineers and designers has begun construction of the Solar House that will be sent to Washington , D.C. , in October as part of the Solar Decathlon competition, which is being sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. The SCU team will be one of several collegiate teams participating in the competition. So far, construction of the house has gone smoothly with the help of a local Construction company and many student volunteers, who have already completed construction of the floor, walls, and roof in just a few days.   

Beginning the week of July 9, the SCU team of 43 undergraduate engineers (20 mechanical, 15 electrical, 5 civil, and 3 computer), and 2 designers will begin work to install the interior plumbing, electrical and lighting systems. Avago Technologies, which is one of the corporate sponsors of the Solar House, will provide the energy efficient LED lighting systems. Construction of the building shell for the house was completed at the end of June.

The Department of Energy is sponsoring the Solar Decathlon ( http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar_decathlon/ ) to encourage university students to create innovative solutions that address energy efficiency and global warming by building an environmentally friendly home. SCU's Solar House will use renewable materials such as bamboo joists, and solar thermal collectors to supply hot water, power an air-conditioning system, and a clothes dryer.

To date, the construction of SCU's Solar House has caught the attention of the local news media in the San Francisco Bay Area. A short list of these news outlets include coverage in the San Jose Mercury newspaper, TV news coverage on three of the local network affiliate stations (ABC, NBC and FOX), as well as a local radio station (KGO). The San Jose Mercury newspaper article (http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_6259048?nclick_check=1) highlights the SCU students' progress in building the house. Links to the TV and radio broadcasts are listed below:

• http://media.scu.edu/ocm/solar_decathalon_June32007_WindowsMedia.wmv
• http://media.scu.edu/ocm/solar_house_ktvu_61707_windowsmedia.wmv
• http://media.scu.edu/ocm/SolarHouseKGO_AM_060407.mp3

"The hardest part of the solar house project is that we're all students and we've never built a house before," said Katherine Powell, a SCU student who is part of the project team.

The ultimate goal of the Solar House project is to complete and transport the entire house on a trailer to Washington D.C. in October where it will be on display in the National Mall as part of a Solar Village where the competition will be held. During the Solar Decathlon, teams will compete in 10 contests to determine an overall winner. Using only energy from the sun, the teams must meet the challenge of being able to build a house that can generate enough electricity to run a modern household. With the focus on energy efficiency, the students have carefully chosen the systems, products, and appliances that will be used in the houses they entered into the competition.

Some of the universities that will be competing against SCU in the Solar Decathlon include the University of Colorado , which was the 2006 winner, Carnegie Mellon, nische Universität Darmstadt (Germany), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain).

###

After many months of planning and negotiations, a group of Santa Clara University students will soon break ground on the construction of its Solar Decathlon House, which will be part of a collegiate competition to build an energy efficient and environmentally-friendly house. The competition will be held in Washington, D.C., from Oct. 3-22, 2007 (http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar_decathlon/).

The blueprint and scale model shown in the photo below will soon be transformed into the real thing. The solar panels are ready for placement on top of the house, innovative bamboo joists are stacked and ready to be used, and the steel platform that will be used for the foundation of the house just arrived. In addition, Avago Technologies, which is one of the participating sponsors on the project, will soon deliver the LED lighting for the house.

“The Santa Clara University solar house will use a holistic and environmentally conscious design approach to produce a contemporary architectural solution using highly efficient and sustainable systems and materials,” said James Bickford, project manager. “The design of the Solar Decathlon House will integrate advanced and conventional active, and passive technologies such as photovoltaics (PV) for powering lighting, appliances, and a transportation vehicle. The house will also have solar thermal collectors to supply hot water, power an air-conditioning system, and a clothes dryer.

The Solar Decathlon House design will minimize energy conversions by incorporating low power DC systems in the living spaces. Moreover, these systems will maximize passive heating, cooling and lighting in the house by making use of Santa Clara University's innovative Smart Window concept. The house will be equipped with all the necessary appliances that a modern home requires in a temperate climate such as a refrigerator, air conditioner, washing and drying machines, a personal computer, oven, radio, and TV.

The Santa Clara team that will be working on the solar house includes 43 undergraduate engineers (20 mechanical, 15 electrical, 5 civil, and 3 computer), and 2 designers responsible for collateral materials. Construction of the building shell for the Solar Decathlon House is scheduled to be completed by the end of June followed by the installation and integration of the interior systems.

It's easy to picture a future where LED lighting is simply everywhere. Whether it's painting the room with the much-mentioned "Maui Sunset" or glowing OLED panels providing apparently sourceless corridor lighting (think Star Trek), the potential advantages are clear. And regardless of whether we believe it will be 2 years or 22 years, we all know the costs will come down to compete with other sources. In the gap between now and that solid state lighting future, there will be numerous technical and marketing battles to be fought and won. But there is one battle that is rarely discussed because it can appear to already have been won… that's the battle against incumbent technologies. The thought offered here is that the incumbent technologies have not even begun to fight back, and fight they will.
Ultimately they will lose, but there really is no telling how drawn out the fight will be. The recent spate of "ban the bulb" stories seemed like a clear validation that incandescents are living on borrowed time. California got the legislative ball rolling, followed by Australia and Europe. The USA has now stepped up at the national level, possibly with a thought towards guiding a sensible approach in California. The current proposal is fine, but California was the US state whose leap into de-regulating only part of their electricity market ended up with an energy crisis and rolling blackouts. While there may be pressure to pinch off the old bulbs from the supply side, such as Wal-Mart's decision to stock only compact fluorescents (CFLs) on their rather consumer-influential shelves, other approaches are designed to simply replace the medium-base screw-in types of sockets that typical incandescents use. California's Title 24 takes this approach, by mandating pin- or other non-Edison types of sockets for energy efficient light fixtures. The idea is that it will prevent consumers from replacing their nice, eco-friendly CFL with a comfortable, warm incandescent (presumably when the light-police are looking the other way…). Of course, that then begs the question of why they would want to cost themselves more money by putting less efficient bulbs in the socket. The answer, of course, is that they don't like the non-dimming, oddly shaped, and often harsh CFLs.
Everything seems to be headed in a common direction that's aimed straight at the less consumer-friendly CFLs and the "nearly there" LED technologies. Right on schedule, an incumbent sends a shot across the bow in the form of GE's recent announcement of their "high efficiency incandescent" technology that they call "HEI®". With a single PR announcement, that massive company has made it a challenge for policy makers to simply outlaw the socket. If HEI can do what GE claims, which is to quickly produce light with an efficiency rivaling CFLs, outlawing the socket has the potential of choking off the incentive to offer HEI on the Edison base. An efficient incandescent would seem to be exactly the near-term prescription to bring over the "incandescent faithful" that have resisted the move to CFL. (All this assumes HEI would have price parity with CFL far sooner than LEDs will). If the Edison-base CFL manufacturers get their lobbying engines in gear they will point to the lost opportunity to retrofit millions of fixtures because of being choked by and ill-conceived socket spec.
So what else is waiting in the wings to slow down the march away from incandescents? One big one that hasn't received much play are occupancy sensors. I would have to enter a guilty plea when it comes to failing to turn off the switch as I leave a room, even if I know it's going to be for more than 15 minutes. I saw some informal testing recently on a Discovery channel program called MythBusters that tested the "saves energy to leave the light on if you're just leaving for a few minutes" rule I was taught as a kid. They lined up incandescents, CFLs, larger fluorescent fixtures and LEDs to test the theory, and found that the only one with any kind of case was the large fluorescent which drew a fair amount of power in start-up. For that type, there was about a 20-second breakeven. Leaving the room for 5-10 seconds? Then you might have a case leaving the CFL or large fluorescents on. Other than that, off it should go. They also put the "lots of on and off reduces the lifetime" effect to the test, and found that to indeed be the case for everything but the LED (score one for the home team!). That effect was fairly negligible, however, since they ran the equivalent of years of turning a light on and off several times a day before the failures occurred. I can personally testify to the effectiveness of well-designed ultrasonic detectors, having spent time working to defeat my home security system sensor just for fun. No matter how still I was, it still "saw" me in the room, and took only a moment to recognize when I had left its field. A few sensors on the path towards a room, as well as inside it to detect your presence, and the automated energy savings could be immense. The good news is that it will work even better with LEDs since they are very good at instant on and off scenarios. Even CFLs have a 5-10 or so second warm up.
Despite their limited adoption in the US, CFLs are an incumbent technology from the LED lighting viewpoint, and there too a battle lurks. If we see a more urgent regulatory push towards energy efficient bulbs, CFLs are about the only available solution on store shelves today. If the choice is limited to CFLs or darkness, consumers will likely choose light, which essentially locks that socket in for the next 5000 operating hours or so (about 4 years for a 4-hour per night fixture). That suggests CFLs have a real opportunity to win a lot more market share than in the past, and once they have the socket, they won't let it go very easily. The mid-term battle for the socket might turn out to be interesting enough to go on pay-per-view with the pro-wrestling. (And read into that whatever you care too…).
Contact: Tom Griffiths

LED vs. traditional lighting assessments often involve substantial claims. One group seeks to shed light on this conundrum and other LED-related questions.

A quick drive down any retail boulevard at night reveals just how common LED lighting has become in the sign industry. A brief look at any issue of this sign industry publication illuminates the immense promise the technology holds. And along with the bright possibilities come many claims about the vast savings LEDs offer over neon signage.

Arguably the first technology to rival neon signage in the all- important areas of price and brightness, LED technology is seeing wide usage in applications for channel letter illumination, moving message boards, window displays, and more. With full-color LED displays essentially serving as televisions, they are taking the place of signs in fast food restaurants and airports, and this trend seems destined to increase even more in coming years.

LED has especially excelled in the red spectrum, with colors like red, clear red, amber, and orange offering equal brightness as the same colors in neon. And while colors such as blue, green, and particularly white have traditionally lagged behind, there have been advances in brightness for them as well.

With LED light output increasing on a relatively regular basis, it seems as though energy efficiency claims are popping up all over the place and positioning LED as the superior option to neon and other sign technologies. Longer warranties and energy savings approaching an average of 50 and 60 percent versus neon are also making the case all across the nation on a regular basis.

Yet, as any smart consumer knows, claims can't always be taken at face value. And when it comes to the differences between neon signage and LED lighting, comparisons aren't always straight-up apples-to-apples. That's where the Lighting Research Center (LRC) comes into play

Doing Its Part

A part of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, the LRC investigates lighting issues and seeks to educate the next generation of lighting leaders. Its programs cover a range of activities, including laboratory testing of lighting products and real-world demonstration and evaluation of lighting technologies and application designs. The LRC also conducts research into energy efficiency, new products and technologies, lighting design, and human factors issues.

In 2002 the LRC conducted its ''Evaluation of Light-Emitting Diodes for Signage Applications,'' a study centered on LEDs in channel letter signs-and more specifically, the system performance of red and white LED signs against neon and cold-cathode signs. The results showed a vast difference between the actual performance and potential savings of the red and white LEDs.

The study also found that the configuration of an LED sign made a significant difference in the energy usage. According to the study, a red LED sign could use 20 to 60 percent less power than a neon sign at the same light output. The study presented loads of useful information in the LED versus neon arena, and it also laid a solid foundation for a follow-up study, which was completed this past fall.

''Luminance Requirements for Lighted Signage'' explains that, while ''usage of LEDs for signage doubled between 2003 and 2005 to reach a 14.3 percent share of all electric signage,'' the key to future success for LEDs in signage will hinge on user acceptance, particularly in terms of brightness and contrast.

Character luminance is a key component in the acceptance of LED for signage. With this in mind, the study also sought to provide a ''better understanding of the luminance requirements of lighted signage'' in an effort to optimize design criteria for more energy- efficient and visually effective signs.

Jean Paul Freyssinier, a researcher at LRC for the past five years, led each of these studies, focusing the majority of his efforts on LED technology. He recently explained that LRC seeks to gather information for use in addressing LED energy efficiency in a reasonable manner.

''There are a lot of claims in the industry that LED technology can save considerable energy in the sign market,'' states Freyssinier, ''but in truth, the biggest energy savings tied to LED lighting right now are mainly found in traffic signals and wayfinding signage; that's where you see the big improvement, around an 80 to 90 percent savings, because LEDs have been used to replace filtered incandescent lamps.''

The luminance study used a 1:12 scale model of a storefront to present human subjects with a typical red channel letter sign. The luminances ranged from 8cd/m^sup 2^ to 1,512 cd/m^sup 2^ under four background luminances typical of nighttime outdoor and daytime inside-mall conditions (1, 100, 300, and 1,000 cd/m^sup 2^); from three scaled viewing distances (30, 60, and 340 feet); and either in isolation or adjacent to two similar signs.

The study found that character luminance is the key to user acceptance of LED signage. It also showed that there are even a number of ''just right'' luminance levels, depending upon various conditions.

As both LRC studies substantiated, red LEDs are very efficient. Yet Freyssinier says that, in blanket comparisons of red neon channel letters with red LED channel letters, claims that LED is going to be 90 percent more energy-efficient than neon doesn't hold up in typical systems.

There are many products on the market that would save money versus traditional lighting markets (such as neon). In 2002, the LRC tested six LED products, and for the red displays, they found roughly a 15 to 50 percent savings. However that did not translate to all LED product types.

''It really depends heavily on how you produce the system, which LEDs you use, which power source you utilize, and other factors,'' explains Freyssinier. ''People need to be aware of these issues. The system configuration and what you compare the systems to is an overwhelming determinant when looking at LED performance.''

Searching for Requirements

Since there's no standard for channel letter performance comparing LED and neon, how can you compare apples to apples? How bright does the LED sign need to be? And is energy wasted by making it too bright?

In ''Luminance Requirements for Lighted Signage,'' the LRC sought to understand exactly what the visibility requirements are for LED red channel letter signs.

While Freyssinier allows that the study was far from conclusive- ''It's a work in progress,'' he comments-he says it did make a progressive step forward. ''We came up with preliminary data that suggests you can reduce brightness of a red LED channel letter, and people will still find it perfectly acceptable,'' he reveals.

Freyssinier and his LRC colleagues conducted a field survey in Troy, in which they found that the luminance of channel letter signs for several strip mall stores ranged from 100cd/m^sup 2^ to 450 cd/ m^sup 2^. They found that the wide range of sign luminances was based on the size of the sign, the light source, whether it was a new sign or an old one, whether it was dirty, etc.

Based on the ''just right'' luminance levels determined from the lab study, they concluded that some of the signs seemed to be brighter than they needed to be, at least for the context they were in-strip malls in a relatively dark area. (Likewise, in New York City's Times Square, the LED signs need to be brighter to compete with all the other illumination.)

''People think that LED is a very uniform light source, and for all practical purposes, it is one,'' Freyssinier remarks. ''However studies have shown that people rated both red neon and red LED at 80 on a O to 100 scale, with 100 being 'perfect.' LED was basically the same as neon, but several non-uniformities can exist in the LEDs.''

For example, according to Freyssinier, LEDs can degrade or blacken over time, and the positioning of where the electrodes come out of a sign can make the degradation more noticeable.

Sign shop customers typically expect the same brightness in channel letters as LED, which is not a problem with red. But with white LEDs, the technology is just now improving to get close to neon in terms of brightness.

However with LED, Freyssinier indicates, it may not need to be as bright as neon, since the LED brightness may be sufficient.

Diffusing Information

When you reduce the brightness, you are reducing light pollution. This was a motivating factor in the recent LRC study-along with the fact that reducing light pollution by using just the necessary brightness also cuts into energy usage.

The acrylic diffusers found in channel letters send the light everywhere. (According to Freyssinier, this is remarkably similar to ''a blob of light.'') So if you stare at a sign, half the light goes up and half the light goes down-and all of the light going up is wasted. ''We're tying to find a way of redirecting that light going up, in order to capture it and put it in the lower half-so as to increase energy efficiency,'' Freyssinier remarks.

This same issue arises when it comes to park/statue-type signage that might have utilized neon or fluorescent lighting. In this scenario, LEDs bring the advantage of being mostly directional in sending out light similar to a freezer case (where the light is tucked in a co\rner). The light facing the back is wasted-at least 40 percent of it.

Sign cabinetry has the same type of problem (i.e., a lot of wasted light in the corner of the cabinet). So using an LED (a more directional light source) could be a good energy-saving application. You can have a long, linear, flexible light source that can get closer to the subject.

As for the spacing of LEDs in such an application, optimizing space and the power for each cabinet is key. Freyssinier remarks that using only one lighting product for all applications would cause one to miss out on energy-saving opportunities. LEDs can give you the flexibility to address different cabinet types and applications.

The Ability to Change

When it comes to neon channel letter signs, there's not a lot of ability to adjust their brightness, which is one area in which LED definitely holds a distinct advantage-especially when taking energy efficiency and brightness into account. LEDs offer the possibility of fine-tuning the brightness easily, by changing the current of the driver at the shop or even in the field. ''If, in fact, you adjust the brightness of an LED-if you make a sign as bright as it needs to beyou're being efficient,'' Freyssinier comments. ''And different LED technology will offer differing efficiencies as well.''

Freyssinier and his fellow researchers confirm what many in the industry believe: Red LED is very efficient, but one needs to be aware of the differing qualities of the many products in the market. If you dim an LED below the nominal current rating, you increase the efficiency even further and boost your energy savings even more. So you could dim a red LED sign to get further efficiency and still get the full impact for visibility and brightness. As for white-and to a lesser extent, blue, yellow, and green LEDs (since they're all considerably less bright than red)-the ability to dim for energy efficiency isn't quite there yet.

In terms of standards for LED brightness, the LRC is just a research arm. Its mission is to provide information to other organizations so they can formulate standards. The LRC, for example, conducted the research for exit sign standards for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Energy Star.

This most recent study, Freyssinier states, is yet another step toward establishing better information that can help the foundation form a standard that would lead to more uniform comparisons of LED technology to others, better energy efficiency, and more efficacious signage.

''There are answers we still don't have: What happens if you're at a further distance, driving in a car, etc.? These and other conditions need to be verified,'' Freyssinier states. ''We'd like to replicate this study in real conditions and see how people react to the signs.

''In labs, many things are precisely controlled; but in a real setting, you get glare from parking lots, or cars that can affect what we found in the lab. What we found is robust, but we still need to go the next step.''

In addition to a field study, the LRC is interested in developing metrics for the lighting uniformity of channel letter signs. Beyond signage, the LRC continually looks at ways of improving LED efficiency, collaborating with the industry to overcome technical barriers, and speeding up its market acceptance. It does so by working with the industry on different fronts-from fundamental research to field demonstrations and education.

Down the Road

LEDs are going to continue to improve in brightness and energy efficiency. The improvements in the last few years have been impressive in terms of reliability, performance, and energy efficiency, and as they continue, some sort of standard would certainly help level the playing field, especially when comparisons to other signage/lighting sources are raised.

A standard might be reasonable sometime in the next one to five years, but it's not happening in the near future because there's still a lot of information to be gathered.

''We couldn't look at the quality issue in this study,'' Freyssinier says. ''Four years ago, we found many LEDs in channel letters, and some had twelve LEDs in one space, while others had two hundred LEDs in the same space in a discreet light source. But it's possible that some LEDs could degrade faster than others. So, to compare systems, you need a uniformity criterion for a letter with an average brightness, and that's another part of the equation we need to look at for a meaningful comparison.''

A scale model used by the LRC in the luminance experiment. The female subject is looking at the model just before rating the brightness of the center sign.

Freyssinier states that the LRC is currently working on a multitude of LED-related studies. And in coming years, as the LED comparisons continue and the technologies evolve and hit the field, it's good knowing groups like the LRC will be busy working toward illumination of the facts.
Contact: Barry Campbell

For more information about the Lighting Research Center, visit www.lrc.rpi.edu.

Copyright Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation Mar 2007

(c) 2007 Sign Builder Illustrated. Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning. All rights Reserved ]]> tag:avagolighting.dev.mnl.com,2007://2.55 2007-03-14T22:59:22Z 2008-04-15T22:00:00Z

CMOS – Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
CPI – counts per inch
CSP – Chip Scale Package

DIP – dual inline package
Digital - method of storing, processing and transmitting information through the use of distinct electronic or optical pulses that represent the binary digits 0 and 1.
DSP – digital signal processor. Generates value for the relative change in position

ENDECs – Encoders/Decoders
EP – enhanced performance

ICM – Illumination and Color Management
I2C – Inter-Integrated Circuit
InGaN – Indium Gallium Nitride
Ie – Radiometric Intensity
Iv – Luminous Intensity

LCDs – liquid crystal displays
LEDs – light emitting diodes
lm/ m2 – Lux- Illuminance

mA – milli amp
mm – millimeter

Nits – Luminance –Cd/m2

Oscillator – an electronic circuit that produces regularly repeating fluctuations in voltage

Photodiode – A semiconductor device used to detect light and generate an electrical current

QFN –Quad Flat No-lead

SNR – signal to noise ratio
SOIC– Small- Outline Integrated Circuit
SSL – Solid-state Lighting
SPI Interface – Serial peripheral Interface
Surface mount - Sockets and chip carriers that mount directly onto the surface of a PC board.

µA – micro amp

V – volt

Rigorous testing procedures ensure the performance integrity of Avago's portfolio of products; regardless of the materials and processes employed. Look for the following image examples that denote EU RoHS compliance:

Avago Technologies offers a broad portfolio of RoHS-compliant products. The use of new non-lead-based processes and materials make them fully compliant with the requirements of the RoHS directive. More information on our LED RoHS Lead-free can be found at http://www.avagotech.com/quality/pbfree/led.jsp

Chinese environmental compliance became law on March 1 2007. Products and accessories under the electronic information products (EIP) have to comply with the following requirements:

This symbol is affixed to all EIP products if it is free of all six banned substances. The symbol should not be smaller than 5 mm x 5 mm.

This symbol is affixed to all EIP products if the product contains any of the six substances (example leaded product). The number inside the symbol is the indicator of environmental protection use period (EPUP) in years. This is defined as “a period when the toxic and hazardous substances or elements contained in the electronic information products are normally used. Such substances or elements will not leak out or undergo abrupt changes.” The method to quantify the EPUP is still a challenge to the industry.

The six banned substances are Pb, Hg, Hexavalent Chrome Cr, PBB, PDDE, and Cadmium with concentration limits.

Name and concentration of any of the six banned substances must be listed in Figure 1 (and accompanied with the product on the product packaging).

Figure 1

Additional information on all of Avago’s efforts for environmentally safe materials can be found under “Topics” at http://www.avagotech.com/quality/pbfree/